Forced Labor in Portuguese and French Colonies

AD – MPE: 0.33

ND – MPE: 0.2

Rummel estimates that forced labor in the Portuguese colonies caused 0.33 million deaths from 1900 to 1925, 0.13 million in the Republican period. Portugal was an advanced democracy from 1908 to 1918. Rummel also claims over 0.2 million excess deaths among forced laborers in the French colonies.

Plausible estimates for the number of people killed by nondemocratic Portugal range from 0.18 to 0.21 million. The most plausible estimate is 0.2 million. Plausible estimates for the number of people killed by democratic Portugal and France range from 0.22 to 0.44 million. The most plausible estimate is 0.33 million.